Reproductive physiology with emphasis on endometrial cycles of woolly and uakari monkeys-A literature review.

The ability of a species to withstand human impact depends on its life history characteristics, including social, ranging, and reproductive activity. The genera Lagothrix and Cacajao are more susceptible to anthropic action than small-sized primates due to their slower life histories, more restricted geographical ranges, and lower population densities. This narrative literature review aimed to gather scientific information available from the last 60 years on the reproductive biology of females of the genera Lagothrix and Cacajao. Most studies on the genus Lagothrix, mainly focused on L. lagothricha and L. l. poeppigii, present important advances on reproductive strategies, reproductive productivity, functional morphology and physiology, including seasonality, sexual cycle, gestation and fetal development in captive and free-living populations. Contrary, there is much less known about the reproductive biology of the genus Cacajao, with studies on free-living C. calvus and C. melanocephalus highlighting reproductive behavior, and basic description of the sexual cycle, gestation, and lactation. Unfortunately, the morphology of the female genital organs is only described in C. calvus, and there is still scarce information about the menstrual activity and the placenta. This literature review encourages primatologists, morphophysiologists, reproductive specialists, and ecologists to conduct comprehensive studies of these species to better understand the gaps in knowledge about reproduction, their relationship with their environment, including climatic and social variables. Understanding the integrative reproductive biology of these species will be a clue for improving the assessment of the resilience capacity of free-living populations and, consequently, establishing more appropriate management programs, and for the development of ex situ management techniques for the conservation of the species.

Origins of plexus brachial in Iguana iguana iguana / Origens do plexo braquial da Iguana iguana iguana

This paper aims to describe the origin of the brachial plexus of 12 iguanas, male and female, which were donated already dead by the Wild Animal Screening Center and Independent Company of Highway and Environmental Police of the Araguaína, Tocantins State, to Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory of Federal University of Tocantins, Araguaína campus These animals were fixed by intramuscular injections of aqueous 10% formalin. It was made a parallel incision to dorsal midline from the skull to the caudal ribs. It was pulled all the epiaxial muscles eight ribs, the periosteum, exposing and individualizing the ventral rami of spinal nerves that make up the brachial plexus. The ventral rami of spinal nerves C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2 form the brachial plexus in 12 iguanas. In 41.6% of cases, the branches involved were C6, C7, C8 and T1; in 33.4%, the branches C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2; 16.6% the branches C7, C8, T1 and T2 and in 8.4%, the branches C7, C8 and T1. The branches ventral C7, C8 and T1 formed three trunks and C6 and T2, when present, consisted of nervous fillet. There was variation in number of vertebrae in Iguana iguana iguana which caused oscillations in anastomoses, that constitute the nerves of brachial plexus. The axillary, subscapular, cutaneous, pectoral, coracobrachialis, radial, median, ulnar, thoracodorsal nerves are the main nerves that constitute the brachial plexus in iguanas.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a origem do plexo braquial de 12 iguanas, machos e fêmeas, doados mortos pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres e Companhia Independente de Polícia Rodoviária e Ambiental ­ Araguaína ­ Tocantins, ao Laboratório de Anatomia da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, campus de Araguaína. Fixou-se os animais com injeções intramusculares de solução aquosa de formalina a 10%. Realizou-se uma incisão paralela a linha mediana dorsal desde o crânio até a região caudal das costelas. Retirou toda a musculatura epiaxial, oito costelas, o periósteo, expondo e individualizando os ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais que compõem o plexo braquial. Os ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2 formam o plexo braquial nas 12 iguanas. Em 41,6% dos casos, os ramos envolvidos foram C6, C7, C8 e T1; em 33,4%, os ramos C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2; em 16,6 % os ramos C7, C8, T1 e T2 e em 8,4%, os ramos C7, C8 e T1. Dos ramos ventrais C7, C8 e T1 formavam três troncos e C6 e T2, quando presentes, consistiam de filetes nervosos. Houve variação no número de vértebras na Iguana iguana iguana, que provocaram oscilações nas anastomoses que constituem os nervos do plexo braquial nas iguanas. Os nervos axillar, subscapular, cutâneo, peitoral, coracobraquial, radial, mediano, ulnar e toracodorsal são os principais nervos que constituem o plexo braquial nas iguanas.

The skull bones of the Iguana iguana / Ossos do crânio do Iguana iguana

The iguanas (Iguana iguana) are animals that can reach up 110 cm. The crest of spines that is located at the its back long characterizes these animals. They live from Mexico to Central Brazil, in the Amazon, Cerrado, and Caatinga, they live in trees and have daytime habits and are herbivorous. This group habits all regions, except the polars regions. The objective was the description of the skull of bones of a representative of this specie. The members of this group live in all regions, except the Polar Regions. The objective of this research was to give a description of the skull bones of this specie. The Companhia Independente de Polícia Rodoviária e Ambiental do Estado do Tocantins (CIPRA) gave to the Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory of the Veterinarian Medical College, of the Tocantins Federal University, Campus of Araguaína, a specie the animal, after the animal be killed by a trauma. The animal's body was macerate by the technique of cooking. The skull was separate from the body, and following was accomplished the description of the skull bones. The following bones form the Iguana skull: premaxillary, nasal, prefrontal, frontal, prefrontal, parietal, jaw, lachrymal, jugal, postorbital, squamosal, ectopterygoid, epipterigoide, pterygoid, prootic quadrate bone, jaw, vomer, palatine, parasphenoid rostral, parasphenoid rostral, parabasisphenoid, supratemporal, exoccipital-opisthotic, supraoccipital. The iguana skull bones present similarity to the skull bones of the others representatives of the reptiles.

As iguanas (Iguana iguana) são animais que podem atingir até 110 cm de comprimento. Estes animais são reconhecidos pela crista de espinhos que percorre toda a extensão das costas. Vivem na Amazônia, Cerrado e Caatinga, desde o México até o Brasil Central, e são arborícolas, de hábito diurno e são herbívoros. Os répteis conquistaram o ambiente terrestre, após adquirir a capacidade de evitar a desidratação, a fecundação interna e seu ovo possuir casca. Este grupo ocupa todos os habitats, exceto as regiões polares. Objetivou-se a descrição dos ossos do crânio de um exemplar desta espécie. O animai foi doado, após morte por traumatismo, pela Companhia Independente de Polícia Rodoviária e Ambiental do Estado do Tocantins (CIPRA) ao Laboratório de Anatomia Veterinária do Curso de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Araguaína. Macerou-se todo o animal pela técnica de cocção. O crânio foi separado e em seguida ossos que o constituíam foram descritos. O crânio da Iguana iguana era constituído pelos seguintes ossos: pré-maxilar, nasal, pré-frontal, frontal, pós-frontal, parietal, maxilar, lacrimal, jugal, pósorbital, esquamosal, ectopterigoide, epipterigoide, pterigoide, pró-ótico, quadrado, mandíbula, vômer, palatino, paraesfenoide rostral, parabasiesfenoide, supratemporal, exo-occipital-opistótico, supraoccipital. Os ossos do crânio do iguana possuem semelhança com os ossos do crânio dos outros representantes dos répteis.